Birth Control A Controversial Topic Since The 1960 S

Birth control has been a controversial topic since the 1960’s, when the pill arose on the scene and gained popularity. Men and women of certain religious faiths have sought to prevent other women from using birth control. However, most women want to be able to choose when the time is right for them to have a child. This is why birth control is essential, because it allows women and couples in general the freedom to choose and plan their families. In many cases the need to control women by controlling their access to birth control goes all the way to the federal government. The federal government determines what types of birth control are allowed on the market and who has access to them. Some Presidential administrations look more kindly†¦show more content†¦Women under the age of 34 were more likely to use condoms and reversible contraceptives at about 11 percent compared to older women who used them 6.6 and 5.3 percent of the time, respectively (Daniels, 2014, p. 3). As of recently, women have been talking about getting long term birth control or stocking up on Plan B. This is because they are worried the Trump will take away the articles in the Affordable Care Act that say that insurance companies must cover birth control, reproductive health and abortion funding. There are currently provisions in the ACA that allow women access to gynecological visits and birth control without having to pay a copay (Rinkunas, 2016). These provisions when originally passed because a number of businesses filed for exemptions so that they would not have to provide access to free contraception to women; specifically those who may have decided to use Plan B (the morning after pill). Some religious based businesses owners believe that preventing a fertilized egg from attaching to the wall of the uterus is the same as an abortion, and to them life begins at conception (Newton-Small, 2016). Many Catholic members of Obama’s Administration, including Vice President Joe Biden wanted to allow religious entities or groups the right to opt out of the program (Newton-Small, 2016). The women of the cabinet decided that they wouldShow MoreRelatedAbortion : Pro Life And Pro Choice1719 Words   |  7 Pagesone quote said by Ronald Reagan on the topic of abortion. He also said, â€Å"I ve noticed that everyone who is for abortion has already been born.† Many people, like Reagan once was, are against abortion and believe that it is morally and ethically wrong. Likewise, many people, including Alan Dershowitz, support it. Alan has said, â€Å"I can t find anything in the Constitution that says you prefer the life of the mother, or the convenience of the mother if it s an abortion by choice, over the potentialRead MoreWomens Health Movement : A Controversial Topic Since The 1970s1667 Words   |  7 PagesWomen’s health has been a controversial topic since the 1970’s. Prior to the 1970’s and the emergent of womenâ⠂¬â„¢s health movement, the medical establishment regarded women only as not male; this has since changed. The beginning of this change started for women when they realized they had a right to know about their own bodies. According to Edwards â€Å"The grassroots women s health activism that emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s was fostered by an equally diverse group of advocates, among themRead MoreThe Article Birth Control For Kids 886 Words   |  4 PagesThe article â€Å"Birth Control for Kids?† was published in 2007 by Time Magazine, and despite being several years old it offers an excellent analysis of sex education in U.S. schools. A middle school in Portland, Maine decided to take a vote on whether it should offer birth control pills to students through the school’s health center. If passed, the vote would allow children as young as eleven-years-old access to contraceptives aside from the traditional condom. In addition, although parental consentRead MoreEssay on An Inside Look at Moral Panics1008 Words   |  5 PagesLevine, the controversial author of â€Å"Harmful to Minors† believed there was an argument against the public addressing the sexual habits of minors as corrupt. One of many moral panics, the moral issue of teenagers and children learning about sex caused controversy because the current lack of information provided to youth was as detrimental to their lives as their elders believed it was beneficial to keep sex from the younger minds. There are numerous moral panics that have occurred since mankind hasRead MoreCountercultures Of The 1960s982 Words   |  4 Pagesbeing a controversial and politically challenge era, but there were also many other activists that were important but lesser known. The sixties also represented the movement of countercultures, identity politics and liberation movements. These challenges and movements all summarized what is known as the era of the 60s. There were many groups that opposed authority in a peaceful way such as marches and gatherings, however, these groups certainly did not get along with authorities. The 1960’s was heavilyRead MoreA Woman s Right Of Abortion1325 Words   |  6 Pagesabortifacient is the toxin talked about in the paragraph above. In the 1930 s the number of abortions increased greatly because of the great depression. The death rate went up during this time since the unregulated abortions are very dangerous. Even if done right, they can still end up killing the mother. A study done in 1932 shows that illegal abortions are responsible for 14% of maternal deaths. In the 1950 s hospital started to form â€Å"therapeutic abortion boards.† These helped to decide whetherRead MoreHow 1960s Has Impacted And Influenced Today s Society1396 Words   |  6 PagesHow have the 1960s dramatically impacted and influenced today’s society? In today’s society, there are many controversial topics that we are facing today; we have the 1960s to thank for those things. The sixties was one of the most impactful decades pertaining to culture revolutions; it is the decade that brought into play some of the problems and privileges that the present is dealing with now. The sixties brought the gay movement, women’s rights, the drug revolution, and has also impacted musicRead MoreWomen s Rights And Health Care1713 Words   |  7 Pagesthings such as having the right to vote, and being able to work outside of home. Eventually, it started to create inequalities of the legal statuses of men and women. Around the mid-nineteenth century, the women’s right movement started bringing controversial issues such as suffrage, access to higher education, and reproductive rights more attention to the public eye. The Women’s Rights Movement started with the Seneca Falls Convention on July 19, 1848 and created a wave that would last several yearsRead MoreBilingualism : A Culturally And Culturally Diverse Country Essay1413 Words   |  6 PagesNew Zealand has recently been identified as a culturally and linguistically super-diverse country (Spoonley Bedford, 2012). This means many children of our country will be introduced to two or more languages from birth and will develop proficiency in these languages following their significant exposure to both. This is referred to as simultaneous bilingualism (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2004). There are many misconceptions about simultaneous bilingualism that are believed toRead MoreThe Supreme Court Of The United States (Otherwise Known1382 Words   |   6 PagesOf The United States (otherwise known as SCOTUS), is the highest federal court in the country. The court hears many important cases throughout the United States, one of them being Roe v. Wade 410 U.S. 113 (1973). This case was monumental for women s rights and the issue of abortion. Still to this day, it has been one of the most famous abortion cases in U.S. history. It all started in 1971 when Norma McCorvey (otherwise known as Jane Roe), filed suit against District Attorney Wade of Dallas County

Wild Water Gets Soaked Essay example - 694 Words

1. I can surely state that New Jersey shore is a way much better place to relax, then it is in NY shores, simply because I did have a chance to see the both. NY shore is, obviously, more crowded, whereas NJ is less, and since the distance between the two is not so big, families would rather choose quite, not crowded location. NY and Jersey states are high dense areas, so the population is not an issue; conversely, growing trend is the issue to fight. An educated guess is that this precise fact initialized a development of condominiums. So, now, Salernos will have to come up with something to be able to sustain and to progress. In the next few years, Wild Water will be experiencing an intense constraction sight. This is when the owner of†¦show more content†¦As for Salernos, the latter issue is even more hectic, because they have to find the way to increase the profits, so the staff didn’t choose the opponent (it’s certain that a new comer will need some locals to work for him). This is when the loyalty will be double-checked. 3. The plan now is to be able to deal with the new owner. In my view, there is a room for doing the successful business for the both. Salernos will need to see the construction plan first. As was stated in the case, visitors are most likely to be interested in Golf. The two managements would have to decide, where to locate the Golf area, so it’s suitable and/or beneficial for both parties. For example: If Solernos are not able to build the court themselves, may be they could offer some service to the visitors. May be some sort of tea place after the game etc. In general, it would have been beneficial for the both if the two places are â€Å"one complementing another†. Reaching the goal needs total collaboration during the restructuring period. So issues like this need to be agreed. Also it was mentioned that the Salernos small office is lined with pictures of their employees and customers. So what they could do to encourage old visitors to come back is to give them discounts. This will not only imply to them, but also for the new coming customers. They might consider going through the old registration records to find theShow MoreRelatedWild Water Gets Soaked890 Words   |  4 PagesWild Water Gets Soaked I believe that the macroenvironmental elements that affect the Salernos are laws and regulations and the economy. The Salernos have to abide by laws and regulations as any business in the United States. They are affected by the economy because their business is only open several months out of the year. In this time frame they have to put in extra work in order to make sufficient income in the limited amount of months that they are open. Their limited income has stoppedRead MoreWild Water Gets Soaked Essay758 Words   |  4 Pagesscreen (go here to download one) and describe the challenge Ms. Nooyi has ahead of her. As of October, 2007, she seems to be moving the company in the right direction - PepsiCo stock is up over 10% under her leadership. ( CONCLUDING CASE - WILD WATER GETS SOAKED Case Summary: This case reveals how important it is to organizations of all sizes to be prepared and ready to implement changes in business scope and even product mix in order to combat the effects ofRead MoreMiss Havisham and Magwitch from Great Expectations Essay1035 Words   |  5 Pagespassion for the Kent marshes and docks. In a physical sense, the convict seems to mirror the marshes in many ways, â€Å"A fearful man, all in coarse grey†¦ A man who had been soaked in water, and smothered in mud†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The colours of Magwitch’s reflect the bleakness of the surroundings, and the way he has been â€Å"soaked in water† and â€Å"smothered in mud† emphasise how he appears to erupt violently from the marsh and be part of it. Both Magwitch and the marshes seem to terrify Pip, â€Å"I was dreadfully frightenedRead More Silk - The Queen of Fibers Essay example1617 Words   |  7 Pagesdone to his trees. When Xilingshi went out to examine the trees, she found white worms eating the leaves of the mulberry leaves and spinning shiny cocoons. She then accidentally dropped one of the cocoons into some hot water. And when she started playing with the cocoon in the water, long white strings disentangled themselves from the cocoon. It is said that this was how silk was discovered. Xilingshi then went to Emperor Huangdi to ask him to give her a grove of mulberry trees, in order for herRead MoreThe Conspiracies Associated With The Reason Why The Usa Joined The Vietnam War1538 Words   |  7 Pagesclots and the water gun and how the smell had soaked into my skin and how I couldn’t wash it away† (51). O’Brien’s loss of self-control when telling Elroy what he worked as shows O’Brien’s true self. By displaying himself as an innocent kid, O’Brien is able to bring up the random description of the blood clots and water gun. The blood clot symbolizes O’Brien’s contemplation of fleeing the Vietnam War, and the water gun symbolizes his obligation to serve society. The water gun is used to get rid of theRead MoreEndangered Tigers Essay1058 Words   |  5 PagesEndangered Tigers Today wild tigers exist in Eastern Russia, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, North Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Bhutan, India and Nepal. In order to live in the wild, tigers need water to drink, animals to hunt, and vegetation in which to hide. As the mountains, jungles, forests, and long grasses that have long been home to tigers disappear, so too, do tigers. Agricultural expansion, timber cutting, new roads, human settlement, industrial expansion and hydroelectric dams pushRead MoreDescription of Beer in History of the Worlds in Six Glasses by Tom Standage765 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Standage the discovery of beer was around 10,000 BCE, it was made from grain that grew in the region called Fertile that could be stored and made wet or soaked to turn into beer (p 15). Beer was shared with several people and goes on to become a social drink. Standage goes on to explain about another beverage made with wild grapes vines produced between 9000 and 4000 BCE in northern Iran (p 47). Wine became a symbol of social differentiation and a form of conspicuous consumption. In thisRead MoreMaking Yeast Doughs1805 Words   |  7 PagesThere are four basic ingredients used in making yeast doughs – flour, water, yeast and salt. Lean doughs contain these four, with or without addition of little sugar or fat. So how come there are so many kinds of different breads: crunchy baguette, chewy bagel, soft rolls†¦? Proper manipulation of these same ingredients can result with large variety of breads. If you add some more fat, sugar and eggs to this mixture, you will make enriched yeast dough. Making Yeast Doughs There are nine basicRead More7 Ocean Essay812 Words   |  4 Pagesreels in 7 Oceans, but in this instance set it under the sea. Retro in its major aspects, the reels are vintage and the screen holding the game depicts starfish, miscellaneous tropical fish, clown fish, and beautiful coral finding itself in deep blue waters. With a simulated 3D set of 3 reels utilising glared lighting, the effect is not very remarkable, so video slots of today need not worry about competition when it comes to the UI from 7 Oceans. Symbol wise, there is a lot that will look familiar hereRead MoreI Have More Than A Day1307 Words   |  6 Pagesyou feel hotter because you’re pregnant.† Joan understood the discomfort of strolling along in the heat during an advanced state of pregnancy all too well. Carina was due to deliver within a week or so, and Joan wagered her friend would be happy to get it all over with, just as Joan had been. They arrived at the market and headed straight for the herb and oil tent, which offered shade from the relentless sun. Carina paused and sniffed a bottle. â€Å"Oh, field balm. Nice and minty. I might†¦ Ooo!† She

Pocahontas Essay Example For Students

Pocahontas Essay Biography of PocahontasFor more than two centuries since the death of the Indian princess Pocahontas, legends and stories of romance have been imbedded into our minds, but her dramatic life was more important to the creation of a segment of American history than legend. Around the year of 1595, Pocahontas was born to chief Powhatan, the powerful chief of a federation of Algonquian Indian tribes who lived in the tidewater region of Virginia. She was but one of the many children of Powhatan, who ruled more than 25 tribes. Her real name was Matoaka, a name used only within the tribe. Her tribe, the Powhatans, believed that harm would come to them if outsiders learned of their tribal name. Therefore, she went by Pocahontas, a nickname given to her meaning little wanton for she was a playful, frolicsome little girl. The settlers believed it to mean bright stream between two hills.The Powhatans, were not savages as John Smith would later claim in his General Historie of Virginiac. Instead, they were a ceremonious people who greeted important visitors in a formal manner with a large feast and festive dancing. Although they did occasionally put prisoners to death in a public ceremony, it was no more savage than the English customs of public disembowelment of thieves and the burning of women accused of being witches. In May of 1607, English colonists arrived on the Virginia shoreline with hopes of great riches. They established a settlement that they named Jamestown. Little Pocahontas watched as these strangers built forts and searched for food. She eventually became quite familiar with them and brought the near starving settlement food from time to time. In December of 1607, Captain John Smith led an expedition and was taken captive by the Indians. He was taken to Werowocomoco, 12 miles from Jamestown and the official residence of chief Powhatan. He was treated kindly and a great feast was prepared in his honor, which he would later record in his report, A True Relation, published in 1608. Smith was injured in a gunpowder accident in 1609 and returned to England. Later in 1612, Smith would publish his Map of Virginia along with a detailed account of his friendly encounter with the Indians titled The Proceedings of the English Colonie in Virginia. As time slowly passed, relations between the natives and the settlers deteriorated. With the help of Japazaws, a lesser chief of the Patowomeck Indians, Captain Samuel Argall kidnapped Pocahontas and held her for ransom in 1612. He sent word to Powhatan that his daughter would be released only when he received the English prisoners held by the Indians, the weapons they had stolen, and some corn. Some time later, Powhatan sent part of the ransom and asked that his beloved daughter be treated well. Argall returned to Jamestown with Pocahontas still as his captive in April of 1613. Pocahontas remained Argalls prisoner for one year afterward. During this time, she became aquatinted with John Rolfe, a pious widower noted as the first colonist to grow tobacco as a crop. Pocahontas converted to Christianity and took the name Rebecca. She then married Rolfe in April of 1614 and from that time forward was known as Rebecca Rolfe. It is uncertain as to why Pocahontas was wed to John Rolfe. The Powhatan Nation of today profess that she agreed to marry Rolfe, who took a special interest in the young hostage, as a condition of her release. Other sources claim that the two fell madly in love and then married. Some disagree because Pocahontas was rumored to be married to an Indian named Kocoum and therefore, could not marry again. Also, she would only have been 17 at the time and would not have had any interest in the 28 year-old Rolfe. .u9cfc0b3d94e9532e278ad0b39b1fa074 , .u9cfc0b3d94e9532e278ad0b39b1fa074 .postImageUrl , .u9cfc0b3d94e9532e278ad0b39b1fa074 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9cfc0b3d94e9532e278ad0b39b1fa074 , .u9cfc0b3d94e9532e278ad0b39b1fa074:hover , .u9cfc0b3d94e9532e278ad0b39b1fa074:visited , .u9cfc0b3d94e9532e278ad0b39b1fa074:active { border:0!important; } .u9cfc0b3d94e9532e278ad0b39b1fa074 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9cfc0b3d94e9532e278ad0b39b1fa074 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9cfc0b3d94e9532e278ad0b39b1fa074:active , .u9cfc0b3d94e9532e278ad0b39b1fa074:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9cfc0b3d94e9532e278ad0b39b1fa074 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9cfc0b3d94e9532e278ad0b39b1fa074 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9cfc0b3d94e9532e278ad0b39b1fa074 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9cfc0b3d94e9532e278ad0b39b1fa074 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9cfc0b3d94e9532e278ad0b39b1fa074:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9cfc0b3d94e9532e278ad0b39b1fa074 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9cfc0b3d94e9532e278ad0b39b1fa074 .u9cfc0b3d94e9532e278ad0b39b1fa074-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9cfc0b3d94e9532e278ad0b39b1fa074:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Young Goodman Brown Analysis EssayThe union of Rolfe and Pocahontas did have some benefits, however. It brought peace between the natives and settlers that would last for eight years. A general peace and spirit of goodwill between the two groups resulted from this marriage. Shortly after Rolfe and Pocahontas married, they had a son whom they named Thomas. He was the only child born to them and would later become an important member of the Jamestown society. Sir Thomas Dale, the leader of a new settlement in Virginia, made an important voyage to England to seek financial support for the Virginia Company. To insure publicity, he took Pocahontas with him along with her husband and son. Her arrival was well acknowledged and she was well received by the king and queen. The bishop of London entertained her and the royal family adored her because she was the first native American to be taken back to England. It was recorded that while in London, Pocahontas encountered John Smith, whom she presumed dead. It was said to have been a very emotional encounter, but it is unknown which emotion was exhibited. The Powhatans claim that she called him a liar and turned her back to him in fury. According to Smiths distorted rendition of this meeting, she was initially too overcome with emotion to speak but later they spoke fondly of old times. Seven months later, Rolfe decided to take his family back to Virginia. They set sail in March of 1617. Soon after they embarked, it became apparent that Pocahontas would not survive the journey home and they stopped in Gravesend, England. It was there that she died at just 21 years of age, far from her homeland. Her body was laid to rest at St. Georges Church. It is unclear why she died at such a young age. The cause of her death is rumored to be pneumonia, although it is also possible that she contracted smallpox or tuberculosis. Any one of the white mans diseases could be at fault in her fate, but unfortunately, it will remain a mystery. John Rolfe returned to Virginia where he developed a popular sweet variety of high-grade tobacco. The export of his crop enabled the colonists to support themselves. Thomas Rolfe remained in England where he was educated. Twenty years later, he returned to the colonies and married an English woman. Many prominent Virginians claim to be his descendants. One year after the passing of Pocahontas, her father Powhatan also died. In 1624, the legend of Pocahontas was written by John Smith and included in The General Historie of Virginia;c. In this account, Smith referred back to his abduction in December of 1607. He wrote of how at first, the Indians welcomed him, but then grabbed and forced him to stretch out on two large stones. Powhatans warriors hovered over him, with clubs in hand, prepared to beat him to death. Suddenly, Pocahontas rushed in and took Smiths head in her arms and laid her owne upon his to save him from death. One would wonder why Smith would wait until 1624, 17 years after the alleged incident, to tell his story. Why would he not include it in his first account of the event, A True Relation, in 1608? The only explanation is that Smith needed a story that would develop a hatred toward the Indians. This fabrication was just part of a longer one used as justification to wage war on the Powhatan Nation. The more Smiths description is examined, the less believable it becomes. This was only one of three reports invented by the pretentious Smith that allege he was saved from death by a prominent woman. Furthermore, Smiths tale tells how two large stones were brought into Powhatans lodge and how he was forced to lay his head upon them. .uf4160aa0c8c9e7ec11fefe150b3aa1c0 , .uf4160aa0c8c9e7ec11fefe150b3aa1c0 .postImageUrl , .uf4160aa0c8c9e7ec11fefe150b3aa1c0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf4160aa0c8c9e7ec11fefe150b3aa1c0 , .uf4160aa0c8c9e7ec11fefe150b3aa1c0:hover , .uf4160aa0c8c9e7ec11fefe150b3aa1c0:visited , .uf4160aa0c8c9e7ec11fefe150b3aa1c0:active { border:0!important; } .uf4160aa0c8c9e7ec11fefe150b3aa1c0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf4160aa0c8c9e7ec11fefe150b3aa1c0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf4160aa0c8c9e7ec11fefe150b3aa1c0:active , .uf4160aa0c8c9e7ec11fefe150b3aa1c0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf4160aa0c8c9e7ec11fefe150b3aa1c0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf4160aa0c8c9e7ec11fefe150b3aa1c0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf4160aa0c8c9e7ec11fefe150b3aa1c0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf4160aa0c8c9e7ec11fefe150b3aa1c0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf4160aa0c8c9e7ec11fefe150b3aa1c0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf4160aa0c8c9e7ec11fefe150b3aa1c0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf4160aa0c8c9e7ec11fefe150b3aa1c0 .uf4160aa0c8c9e7ec11fefe150b3aa1c0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf4160aa0c8c9e7ec11fefe150b3aa1c0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Drug Addiction EssayAt this point, Smiths account grows even more dubious. Powhatans village of Werowocomoco laid on the Princes, now called the York River, a part of Tidewater that is composed entirely of clay. Any orders from Powhatan to fetch two large stones would have been impossible to fill. If rocks were required, someone would have to venture to the falls at Richmond before any rocks big enough to meet specifications could be found. If all that was necessary was something flat enough to lay Smiths head upon, a log would work just as well as the unattainable rocks. The English had known this for centuries, having sent many rivals to the block. Another aspect of inconsistencies in Smiths story is the method in which he was nearly executed. The Powhatans, like the English, had perfected their methods of assassination. Traditionally, the tribe stripped their enemies of their clothing, bound them to two stakes, and burned them, back facing the fire. Surely the Powhatans would not modify their customs for John Smith. Unfortunately, Smiths romantic story of Pocahontas has been accepted as the truth and elevated Pocahontas to the status of the good Indian who saved the life of a white man. She was much more than that. She was a representative for native Americans and a vital link between them and the Englishmen. She provided food for Jamestown that, perhaps, without her, might never have survived. Her marriage to John Rolfe brought peace between her fellow tribesmen and her fellow Christians. She led a magnificent life and will always have her place in history.

Just Before The Beginning Of World War II, Albert Einstein Wrote A Let

Just before the beginning of World War II, Albert Einstein wrote a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Urged by Hungarian-born physicists Leo Szilard, Eugene Wingner, and Edward Teller, Einstein told Roosevelt about Nazi German efforts to purify Uranium-235 which might be used to build an atomic bomb. Shortly after that the United States Government began work on the Manhattan Project. The Manhattan Project was the code name for the United States effort to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans did. "The first successful experiments in splitting a uranium atom had been carried out in the autumn of 1938 at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin"(Groueff 9) just after Einstein wrote his letter. So the race was on. Major General Wilhelm D. Styer called the Manhattan Project "the most important job in the war . . . an all-out effort to build an atomic bomb."(Groueff 5) It turned out to be the biggest development in warfare and science's biggest development this century. The mos t complicated issue to be addressed by the scientists working on the Manhattan Project was "the production of ample amounts of 'enriched' uranium to sustain a chain reaction."(Outlaw 2) At the time, Uranium-235 was hard to extract. Of the Uranium ore mined, only about 1/500 th of it ended up as Uranium metal. Of the Uranium metal, "the fissionable isotope of Uranium (Uranium- 235) is relatively rare, occurring in Uranium at a ratio of 1 to 139."(Szasz 15) Separating the one part Uranium-235 from the 139 parts Uranium-238 proved to be a challenge. "No ordinary chemical extraction could separate the two isotopes. Only mechanical methods could effectively separate U-235 from U-238."(2) Scientists at Columbia University solved this difficult problem. A "massive enrichment laboratory/plant"(Outlaw 2) was built at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. H. C. Urey, his associates, and colleagues at Columbia University designed a system that "worked on the principle of gaseous diffusion."(2) After this proc ess was completed, "Ernest O. Lawrence (inventor of the Cyclotron) at the University of California in Berkeley implemented a process involving magnetic separation of the two isotopes."(2) Finally, a gas centrifuge was used to further separate the Uranium-235 from the Uranium-238. The Uranium-238 is forced to the bottom because it had more mass than the Uranium-235. "In this manner uranium-235 was enriched from its normal 0.7% to weapons grade of more than 90%."(Grolier 5) This Uranium was then transported to "the Los Alamos, N. Mex., laboratory headed by J. Robert Oppenheimer."(Grolier 5) "Oppenheimer was the major force behind the Manhattan Project. He literally ran the show and saw to it that all of the great minds working on this project made their brainstorms work. He oversaw the entire project from its conception to its completion."(Outlaw 3) Once the purified Uranium reached New Mexico, it was made into the components of a gun-type atomic weapon. "Two pieces of U-235, individu ally not large enough to sustain a chain reaction, were brought together rapidly in a gun barrel to form a supercritical mass that exploded instantaneously."(Grolier 5) "It was originally nicknamed 'Thin Man'(after Roosevelt, but later renamed 'Little Boy' (for nobody) when technical changes shortened the proposed gun barrel."(Szasz 25) The scientists were so confident that the gun-type atomic bomb would work "no test was conducted, and it was first employed in military action over Hiroshima, Japan, on Aug. 6, 1945."(Grolier 5) Before the Uranium-235 "Little Boy" bomb had been developed to the "point of seeming assured of success,"(Grolier 5) another bomb was proposed. The Uranium-238 that had been earlier ruled out as an option was being looked at. It could capture a free neutron without fissioning and become Uranium-239. "But the Uranium-239 thus produced is unstable (radioactive) and decays first to neptunium-239 and then to plutonium-239."(Grolier 5) This proved to be useful bec ause the newly created plutonium-239 is fissionable and it can "be separated from uranium by chemical techniques,"(6) which would be far simpler than the physical processes to separate the Uranium-235 from the Uranium-238. Once again the University of Chicago, under Enrico Fermi's direction built the first reactor. "This led to the construction of five large reactors at Hanford, Wash., where U-238 was irradiated with neutrons and transmuted into plutonium."(6) The plutonium was sent to Just Before The Beginning Of World War II, Albert Einstein Wrote A Let Just before the beginning of World War II, Albert Einstein wrote a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Urged by Hungarian-born physicists Leo Szilard, Eugene Wingner, and Edward Teller, Einstein told Roosevelt about Nazi German efforts to purify Uranium-235 which might be used to build an atomic bomb. Shortly after that the United States Government began work on the Manhattan Project. The Manhattan Project was the code name for the United States effort to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans did. "The first successful experiments in splitting a uranium atom had been carried out in the autumn of 1938 at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin"(Groueff 9) just after Einstein wrote his letter. So the race was on. Major General Wilhelm D. Styer called the Manhattan Project "the most important job in the war . . . an all-out effort to build an atomic bomb."(Groueff 5) It turned out to be the biggest development in warfare and science's biggest development this century. The mos t complicated issue to be addressed by the scientists working on the Manhattan Project was "the production of ample amounts of 'enriched' uranium to sustain a chain reaction."(Outlaw 2) At the time, Uranium-235 was hard to extract. Of the Uranium ore mined, only about 1/500 th of it ended up as Uranium metal. Of the Uranium metal, "the fissionable isotope of Uranium (Uranium- 235) is relatively rare, occurring in Uranium at a ratio of 1 to 139."(Szasz 15) Separating the one part Uranium-235 from the 139 parts Uranium-238 proved to be a challenge. "No ordinary chemical extraction could separate the two isotopes. Only mechanical methods could effectively separate U-235 from U-238."(2) Scientists at Columbia University solved this difficult problem. A "massive enrichment laboratory/plant"(Outlaw 2) was built at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. H. C. Urey, his associates, and colleagues at Columbia University designed a system that "worked on the principle of gaseous diffusion."(2) After this proc ess was completed, "Ernest O. Lawrence (inventor of the Cyclotron) at the University of California in Berkeley implemented a process involving magnetic separation of the two isotopes."(2) Finally, a gas centrifuge was used to further separate the Uranium-235 from the Uranium-238. The Uranium-238 is forced to the bottom because it had more mass than the Uranium-235. "In this manner uranium-235 was enriched from its normal 0.7% to weapons grade of more than 90%."(Grolier 5) This Uranium was then transported to "the Los Alamos, N. Mex., laboratory headed by J. Robert Oppenheimer."(Grolier 5) "Oppenheimer was the major force behind the Manhattan Project. He literally ran the show and saw to it that all of the great minds working on this project made their brainstorms work. He oversaw the entire project from its conception to its completion."(Outlaw 3) Once the purified Uranium reached New Mexico, it was made into the components of a gun-type atomic weapon. "Two pieces of U-235, individu ally not large enough to sustain a chain reaction, were brought together rapidly in a gun barrel to form a supercritical mass that exploded instantaneously."(Grolier 5) "It was originally nicknamed 'Thin Man'(after Roosevelt, but later renamed 'Little Boy' (for nobody) when technical changes shortened the proposed gun barrel."(Szasz 25) The scientists were so confident that the gun-type atomic bomb would work "no test was conducted, and it was first employed in military action over Hiroshima, Japan, on Aug. 6, 1945."(Grolier 5) Before the Uranium-235 "Little Boy" bomb had been developed to the "point of seeming assured of success,"(Grolier 5) another bomb was proposed. The Uranium-238 that had been earlier ruled out as an option was being looked at. It could capture a free neutron without fissioning and become Uranium-239. "But the Uranium-239 thus produced is unstable (radioactive) and decays first to neptunium-239 and then to plutonium-239."(Grolier 5) This proved to be useful bec ause the newly created plutonium-239 is fissionable and it can "be separated from uranium by chemical techniques,"(6) which would be far simpler than the physical processes to separate the Uranium-235 from the Uranium-238. Once again the University of Chicago, under Enrico Fermi's direction built the first reactor. "This led to the construction of five large reactors at Hanford, Wash., where U-238 was irradiated with neutrons and transmuted into plutonium."(6) The plutonium was sent to

Quality Essay Writing Do You Need Proofreading or Editing

Quality Essay Writing Do You Need Proofreading or Editing Quality Essay Writing: Do You Need Proofreading or Editing? When writing an essay we understand there are many factors you must consider. But when you opt for using a writing service to get some help with polishing your writing, a critical factor to consider is the difference between proofreading and editing. Knowing the difference between these correcting processes, and what to expect from each service will help you obtain the essay you desire. Academic services can vary in price and nature. In order to best manage your expenses and expectations, we would like to take a moment to explain the difference between proofreading and editing. This will assist you in choosing the service you need. Most people employed in the writing professions realize that an edited document will still need proofreading. Editing deals with issues of style and flow, whereas proofreading relates to grammatical correctness, spelling and punctuation. The Mechanics of Proofreading Proofreading is usually reserved for the final draft of a document before it is printed, submitted or published. Proofreading generally takes place after editing so that all final corrections can take place, including corrections to the edited material. Proofreading covers three basic areas; spelling, grammar and punctuation. It also includes typos and in some cases, the regional use of language.   In order to interpret a proofread document you should familiarize yourself with proofreaders’ marks which can be found using a Google search. Proofreading and editing require a different mindset as proofreading, as a task, is very literal and relies on rules and regulations. Editing requires creative and critical thinking and uses a different area of the mind to accomplish the task, making proofreading and editing very hard to accomplish at the same time. The Art of Editing Editing is an art which deals with enhancing the style and flow of the written piece. Editing does not occur at the end of the writing process. Since it deals with style, it makes sense to use an editing service while the writing is underway, after you have your main ideas solidified. Editing can include condensing ideas, clarifying thoughts, rewriting sections and making sure the ideas expressed make sense. An editor will focus on keeping the writing concise and understandable, ensuring the document has a logical flow and progression. They may move pieces of the writing around, cut out redundant material and even have the license to add material as they see fit. Because editing takes creativity, critical thinking, rewriting and more effort then proofreading you can expect to receive a higher quality paper if editing is used before proofreading. You can also expect the price of editing to reflect the work it involves. As the saying goes â€Å"You get what you pay for†, and it applies in writing just like in any other industry. Quality essay writing necessitates editing and proofreading. They are both important components of the writing process. If you are confident in you grasp of English and have consistently received high marks for your writing style from teachers and professors, you may benefit from the time savings found with proofreading alone. If you find writing is not your strongest subject, or if you are a non native English speaker, you will likely benefit from both editing and proofreading services. At you can order quality custom essays written by top-rated academic experts.

5 Parallelism Problems in Sentence Structure

5 Parallelism Problems in Sentence Structure 5 Parallelism Problems in Sentence Structure 5 Parallelism Problems in Sentence Structure By Mark Nichol It’s easy to produce a faultily constructed sentence by neglecting to install all the necessary parts. Each of the sentences below lacks a small but essential component that helps render the statement sturdy and structurally sound; read each discussion for an explanation of the flaw. 1. â€Å"Lifelong interest and enthusiasm for science is instilled through science literacy.† Take the phrase â€Å"and enthusiasm† out of the sentence, and you’re left with â€Å"Lifelong interest for science is instilled through science literacy.† Here, the subject is followed by the wrong preposition. Omit â€Å"and enthusiasm for,† and the result is â€Å"Lifelong interest science is instilled through science literacy.† Now, the subject lacks any preposition. The solution? Each noun in the noun phrase â€Å"interest and enthusiasm† requires its own appropriate preposition: â€Å"Lifelong interest in and enthusiasm for science is instilled through science literacy.† (Depending on emphasis desired, â€Å"and enthusiasm for† may be bracketed by a pair of commas, parentheses, or em dashes but is correct without any interruptive signals.) 2. â€Å"They’re noisy, they’re tiny, weigh fifty pounds, and can be souped up from a speed of thirty-five miles per hour.† Of the four elements in this list, two are preceded by pronouns and two aren’t. To achieve parallel compliance, all the elements must share one pronoun (â€Å"They’re noisy, tiny, weigh fifty pounds, and can be souped up from a speed of thirty-five miles per hour†), or each requires its own (â€Å"They’re noisy, they’re tiny, they weigh fifty pounds, and they can be souped up from a speed of thirty-five miles per hour†). 3. â€Å"They run farther, longer, and never get fat.† The first two elements share a verb, and the third has its own. However, just as in the apportionment of pronouns in the example above, one verb must apply to all, or each element must have its own verb (especially if a single verb is not appropriate for all the elements). In this case, the verbs must differ. Depending on the context, either revise the sentence so that farther and longer share the verb run (â€Å"They run farther and longer and never get fat†), or provide longer with its own verb (â€Å"They run farther, last longer, and never get fat†). 4. â€Å"John Smith is off the streets, sober, and has a job.† The rule set forth in the previous sentence applies for simple â€Å"to-be† verbs as well. Revise the sentence to read, â€Å"John Smith is off the streets, is sober, and has a job† or â€Å"John Smith is off the streets and sober and has a job.† 5. â€Å"That opinion was uttered not by John Doe, but one of his vice presidents.† The preposition by must be repeated at the head of the second clause to match the structure of the first clause: â€Å"That opinion was uttered not by John Doe, but by one of his vice presidents.† The sentence could be recast in active voice (â€Å"One of John Doe’s vice presidents, not Doe himself, uttered that opinion†), but the change doesn’t necessarily improve the statement. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Addressing A Letter to Two PeopleTop 11 Writing Apps for iOS (iPhone and iPad)When to Spell Out Numbers

Law Enforcement in the Czech Republic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Law Enforcement in the Czech Republic - Essay Example The total area of Czech Republic is 78,844 square km and the population is 10.5 million. It is surrounded by Poland, Austria, Slovakia and Germany and also occupies the historical regions of Bohemia, Moravia and a small area of Silesia. The people of Czech Republic are Slavic people who are from central and Eastern Europe but their culture and tradition connects them to the West. Czech Republic is a democratic country and the bicameral Parliament, that includes the House of Representatives and the Senate, acts as the central body in the political system. The head of the state is the President with limited powers and is elected for five years. The President holds some important legal powers such as the appointment of the Prime Minister and members of the government, selection for the members of Czech National Bank Board and the official signing authority (Czech Republic Country Brief, 2007). General: In Czech Republic the Justice system consists of 86 District Courts, 8 Regional Courts, 2 High Courts and a Supreme Court. The highest judicial authority in the country is the Constitutional Court which is situated in Brno. Its major activities do not include dealing with criminal cases. Prosecution: The formation of the State Prosecutor's Office entirely follows the courts. Prosecution is brought by the State Prosecutor's Office. The courts completely handle the operations of the office. Police Force The total number of police force in Czech Republic is approximately 47,400 officers and 11,600 civilian staff. They are responsible for the security of its people and investigation of all crimes that took place in the country. In addition to the state police, there is municipal police that controls the traffic and public order in their particular municipalities. The right to investigate and arrest only lies with the state police. Police officers of Czech Republic are allowed to use vehicles. Their vehicles contain a black and white inscription "Policie" on the sides. These vehicles are white in color with horizontal green strips on the sides. Police force of Czech Republic possesses the following rights: 1. Demand for testimony in case of any accident. 2. Demand for personal identification. 3. Taking a person into custody. 4. Supervising the traffic and checking the conditions of the vehicles. Czech Police departments Criminal police: In the police department of Czech Republic, the officers monitor the criminal cases. Moreover, they detect the wrong doers and take them under their custody. The criminal police force is also responsible for the investigation of different cases regarding stolen properties, missing people, road accidents etc. They continuously look after the people and places in order to safeguard the lives of the citizens (Czech Republic, 2007). Traffic police: By law the traffic police officers are there to organize and control the movement of the traffic. In addition to it, they have to be really careful about the investigations made on the roads regarding accidents that happen almost every day. They are further required to check the procedures of collecting fines for illegal acts. When a driver commits an offense then the traffic police officer has the right to stop him from driving and take the car into his custody with some

Comparison between Shen Fus Father and Kang-Hsis Styles of Ruling Essay

Comparison between Shen Fus Father and Kang-Hsis Styles of Ruling - Essay Example This essay is the best example of comparison of the ruling styles of the fathers and rulers presented in the Emperor of China: Self-Portrait of K’ang-hsi and Six Records of a Floating Life. Essentially, the father and the ruler of the state share the same stature in Confucianism. This is particularly so in the sense that human beings can be improved, made perfect, and improved through communal and personal initiatives. In this respect, K’ang-Hsi in the book Emperor of China: Self-Portrait of K’ang-Hsi appears to go contrary to humanism as a style of ruling in his empire. This is specifically so in the sense that he strongly believes that he is the emblem of justice and in this regard, has the right of giving and taking life out of people. In his perception of the correction of human beings, K’ang-Hsi fully understands that while administrative errors are unavoidable, he can easily correct them through punitive measures that sometimes lead to execution. On the other hand, Shen Fu’s father shows great humanness and social harmony towards his wife Chen Yun. Perhaps this may have resulted from the teachings of his life during the Qing Dynasty but one thing for sure is that he loves his wife beyond measure and he demonstrates this by allowing her to do her social duties while he remains the head of the family. In fact, Shen Fu’s father confesses that his wife is the motivation behind him as far as writing the book Six Records of a Floating Life is concerned.

Financial accounting and Managerial use Essay Example for Free

Financial accounting and Managerial use Essay Background LJB Company , a small business local distributor who understands to go public in the future, the company should be in accordance with the law and may need to take more stringent internal control principles. At the request of the president, an independent internal evaluation of internal controls was conducted to evaluate the direction of strength and weakness. Objective The objectives of this report should evaluate the existing controls and make recommendations that will ensure the companies assets and help get the most accurate financial information. Based on a system of internal checks and balances will be just in my recommendations to the president of the company, since most of the internal control systems provide for independent internal control; This principle involves the review of data prepared by employees. To get the maximum benefit from an independent internal control : Control values and Integrity from the top make it clear that it is unethical activities will not be accepted, and set the tone for the companys culture . There are several principles of management : 1. Establishment of responsibility: management is most effective when a single source may be responsible for the problem, including the authorization and approval of transactions. Weakness: LJB has only one accountant who serves as treasurer and controller , which can optimize the processes , but it creates an inherent risk . Cashier handled informally . Accountant is so busy that the company handles the checkout bit differently . All employees have access to the petty cash drawer and just put a note asking if they use any of the cash. Recommendation: * Align the specific obligations of employees to limit access to authorized employees so that the buyer is not the same person who authorizes the payment without the approval of the head at least . Otherwise , a person may make payments that are made to yourself. * Use unique passwords per employee to protect the purchasing system to provide adequate documents and records management. * Assign petty cash custodian. 2 . Segregation of duties : After one employee should , without duplication of effort , provide a sound basis for evaluating the work of another employee. 2 * Strength: Accountant receives the checks and completes the monthly bank reconciliation. This force , as the bank and the company maintain independent records , which may not always agree on what may be a simple mistake of either party. To maintain maximum benefits , a worker who has no other duties associated with cash should prepare a reconciliation. * Weakness: The same accountant all purchases of supplies and pays for these purchases per hour is a dual role . Petty cash handled all . * Recommendation: 1. Divide the purchase task to avoid the temptation of possible abuse. Keeper of the petty cash fund makes payments , but the reviews accountant to recharge . 2 . Require the authorization of the buyer and payment of employees on vacation at different times of the year. 3 . Documentation and procedures to provide evidence that the transactions and events occurred * Strength: Accountant recently started using pre- numbered invoices. * Weaknesses: Unclear procedures for shipping requirements , invoices and time signatures in developing accounting documents . All employees are required only to leave a note in the box , not supply a receipt. * Recommendation: * Delivery document indicates well have been shipped, invoice sales means that the client has been announced. Use remittance advice (mail receipts ) , cash register tapes, and deposit slips . * Require signature to identify the person responsible for the activity . * If possible , the user pre- numbered documents . It also helps to ensure that the transaction is no recorded several times or not at all . * Require time when documents should be sent in accounting for timely accounting. * Require receipts for most, if not all operations on a small number of dollars. Note: accountant wants to buy an indelible ink machine to print their checks. I would recommend the purchase of this equipment , depending on the cost-benefit analysis . Keep blank checks in safes with limited access will  be my first suggestion to cut spending immediately , with no additional costs. | 4 . Physical control can be mechanical and electronic asset protection . * Strength: Before leaving for the weekend accountant , accountant will move checks in a safe in his office . * Weakness: For salaries , checks selected accountant and left in his office for pick-up . Cashier box is not locked. * Recommendation: * Closed storage inventory and records management and control at all times, and not just for the weekend . * Alarm to prevent tampering if appropriate cost benefit * Closed petty cash . 5 . Independent internal verification includes an overview and comparison of the data to reconcile * Strength: Does not work . * Weaknesses: Unclear procedures requirements signatures , such as small cash transactions. Accountant is so busy that the company handles the checkout bit differently . All employees have access to the petty cash drawer and just put a note asking if they use any of the cash. * Recommendation: 1. Require an accountant to examine receipts and documents to verify costs to replenish funds. 2 . Surprise internal audits 6. Office of Human Resources * Strength: Employees seem to stay with the company for a long time and seems to be loyal . * Weakness: The President is still quite embarrassed because he was forced to fire one of their employees for viewing pornography on a company computer. He later learned that this man was a convicted felon who served time for molesting children. The Company had a hard time getting the employee to admit that this is it, because the company does not assign individual passwords. The President expressed his disappointment because he and an accountant and an interview and approve all new employees. * Recommendation: 1. Perform back ground checks and verify education credentials 2 . Check references , but never used the figures provided a reference sheet 3 . Employees bonds that deal cash 4 . Assign unique passwords for employees Conclusion: There are limitations of internal control , but they must provide reasonable assurance that assets are protected and accounting are accurate. Currently, as a small company LJB can not have a very complicated system of internal control , but must recognize the reality of the law for trading companies with the public are held at a higher level of compliance . LJB Company does some things right , but there are several areas for improvement . Literature : http://map.ais.ucla.edu/go/1002631 Paul D. Kimmel , Jerry J. Weygandt, Donald Kieso 2010 Business Economics http://www.macomb.edu/About+Macomb/College+Policies/Policies/Guidelines+for+Purchasing+Activities.htm https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance//fin106c07.pdf http://www.brockport.edu/intcontrol/questions.html

Prevent Internet Censorship, Save Freedom of Speech -- Argumentative Es

Every second, citizens of the world enter cyber space to relay information, keep in contact with family and friends, and to complete a multitude of various tasks. The World Wide Web is a major staple in ensuring that individuals of all nationalities can perform all the necessary tasks in their lives. However, the negative aspects of the internet have been recently brought into the public eye. Social Networks such as Facebook and Twitter along with other popularly accessed websites such as Reddit, 4Chan, and Pinterest have become the subject of critique after a whirl of internet controversy arose. Public scrutiny of many popularly viewed sites has resulted in the call for restrictions in order to prevent the harmful aspects of the internet. This controversial topic has created a rift in website surfers from around the world. Internet censorship is the control of access to information presented on the internet. Advocates of internet restrictions argue that popular sites are the source of obsessions which result in crumbling relationships, put minors in danger of cyber bullying and internet predators, and provide easy access to vulgar or dangerous information which corrupts our culture. As recommended by Dr. Pinhas Dannon, psychiatrist from Tel Aviv University’s Sackler Faculty of Medicine, the disorder (internet addiction) should be grouped with other extremely addictive disorders such as gambling, sex addiction, and kleptomania. (Nauert) Many Americans exposed to the internet find themselves enveloped in the entertaining world of the â€Å"Net.† As argued by those in support of internet restriction and censorship, the act of spending excessive amounts of time on the computer results in crumbling relationships and disinteg... ...o the 1st Amendment and everything this country stands for. This country has spent years and many court case hours defending the rights that our fore fathers fought to protect. Work Cited Anderson, Mark. "Internet Censorship: As Bad As You Thought It Was." - IEEE Spectrum. Nov. 2007. Web. 24 Apr. 2012. . Kan, Michael. "Time to De-Flash Your Site?" The U.S. Has Asked the Chinese Government Explain Its Policies Related to Blocking Company Websites. 20 Oct. 2011. Web. 18 Apr. 2012. . "Limit the Content That Children Can View on the Web." Limit the Content That Children Can View on the Web. Windows, 2012. Web. 23 Apr. 2012. .

Good Hair

There are three major beliefs that hinder Alice Andrews’s life progression; however one belief hinders it the most in the novel and this is shown in three ways. Alice is young, Black, bourgeois, and in search of everything, as her life unfolds her beliefs and past are challenged. First, Alice maintains the belief that it is important to look the part and not be labeled as low class or impoverished. This is relevant because she becomes a prisoner in a world of pretense. Second, Alice believes she should she should hid the truth about where she comes from and lives her life deeply ashamed of her blue collar New Jersey roots. This is relevant because it causes her to lose herself identity. Third, Alice struggles to fit in the upper echelon class she surrounded herself by and Alice Andrews’s belief that it is necessary to look the part and not be labeled as low class hinders her life progression because she becomes a prisoner in a world of pretense. Based on what she believes about social status, it appears that â€Å"good hair† is a standard of beauty and status amongst the upper echelons of the African American social order in Manhattan. There was pressure from society to promote this standard of beauty in the novel. More specifically, social status and beauty standards are doubtless dependent to a certain extent on physical appearance. As Alice struggled to look the part in order to be accepted, it became clear that the standards of beauty had a significant burden on her notion. In society, African Americans continue to struggle with the concept of good hair. I believe that the lack of proper cultural images and the negative social scripts caused by mainstream media play a significant role in the perception of beauty. Another reason why Alice Andrews’ struggle to maintain an image caused her life progression to be hindered is because she became a prisoner in a world of pretense. Since her entire foundation was built on the claim that

Nelson Mandela’s Leadership Essay

In a racially divided South Africa, Nelson Mandela emerged as a great leader. He joined the African National Congress (ANC) to lead a movement whose main goal is to eradicate apartheid. (Racial separation). He promoted peaceful protests to meet that goal; however, when the ruling party banned the ANC, he set a military wing within the ANC to take the resistance against the Apartheid to a new level where he had no choice other than using violence. His actions landed him in prison for nearly three decades. He led secret negotiations with the ruling party while he was in prison aimed at dismantling the apartheid policies. Such negotiations, which resulted in his release in 1990, went on years later to bring an end to Apartheid. In 1994, he became the first black president of South Africa, forming a multiethnic government to oversee the country’s transition to a new era of democracy (1). In 1999, he decided to retire from politics, but has not retired yet from promoting peace and social justice in South Africa as well as around the world. So, Nelson Mandela stood out as a great leader due to his leadership styles, his charismatic leadership, ethical leadership and his leadership power. Leadership attitudes and styles of Nelson Mandela: Nelson Mandela developed â€Å"a strong relationship-oriented behavior, which contributed to his participative leadership style† (2). He learned from his guardian, when he was observing him presiding over tribal meetings, to listen to all sides of argument before venturing his opinion. It was his firsthand experience of how to lead from behind (9). He always remembers the regent’s axiom. He said:† A leader is like a shepherd. He stays behind the flock, letting the most nimble go out ahead, whereupon the others follow, not realizing that all along they are being directed from behind.†(Long walk to freedom3). Mandela’s leadership success is attributed to his use of consensus. He inspired his followers and gained their commitment to fight in the sake of abolishing apartheid when he was the leader of the ANC. He used the same participative leadership as president by forming a multiethnic government that includes the people who tortured him for 27 years. Throughout his battle against apartheid and helping to bring democracy to South Africa, Mandela adopted a democratic leadership style. According to  Johnson and Johnson (2006), â€Å"Democratic leaders set policies through group discussion and decision, encouraging and helping group members to interact, requesting the cooperation of others† (4). Mandela believed in the value of the democratic process, even though he did not always initially agree with the results. Some of his unsuccessful pursuits included when he tried during his imprisonment to have prisoners addressed more respectfully by guards, and later when he attempted to have the national voting age lowered to 14 (4). Charismatic leadership: Nelson Mandela influential power stems largely from his charismatic leadership characterized by a compelling vision for the future, his willingness to take a risk for the sake of the well-being of his country, and the sense of forgiveness he demonstrated towards his enemy. Nelson Mandela was a visionary leader who articulated an idealized vision of a future that is significantly better than the present. He envisioned a South Africa where apartheid would finally abolished and everyone should live without worrying to be discriminated against based on race or color. It was this vision of a free and democratic South Africa that sustained him through the darkest days in prison. The same vision has changed the governance in South Africa and made him the first black president of South Africa. Due to the same vision South Africa became the first African country to host the world soccer cup in 2010. He inspired people by his courage and passion. Mandela knew that the risk he was taking was enormous, and the consequences could be devastating to him as well to the well-being of his family. He took the risk of setting a military wing within the ANC to combat the oppressive regime knowing that he will be the first one that the ruling party would target After becoming a president in 1994, he decided to forgive the people who tortured him for nearly three decades. Through this act, he demonstrated the the kind of charismatic qualities he possessed. . Mandela acquired the respect and love of many citizens upon his release from prison, as it was inspiring to the nation that someone could â€Å"emerge from such hardship and humiliation and talk of forgiveness and reconciliation with the enemies who caused†¦suffering† (5). He used his servant leadership style to promote peace outside South Africa; he promoted reconciliation over retaliation to pave the way for progress and prosperity in the neighboring African countries. (6) Ethical leadership Mandela had strong ethical values through having a heart and soul of leadership by consistently promoting peaceful protests rather resorting to violence. From an early age, he was inspired to study law with the intention of defending black South Africans against the ruling party’s unfair treatment. Nelson Mandela as a lawyer voluntarily represented many detainees under the ANC. (Denenberg, 1995). (7) Leadership power Specialized skills and knowledge gave Mandela expert power to be an influential figure. He graduated with law degree and huge political experiences gained when he was the leader of ANC. He utilized his knowledge to communicate with others prisoners who viewed him as a reference for any course of action within the prison such as hunger strike to get better living conditions.(8) Also, Mandela inspired his followers by utilizing referent power, which was closely linked to his traits of trustworthiness and integrity. With his own lofty personality of charismatic leader, skills and knowledge, Mandela become a famous figure, which brought him a â€Å"prestige power† that he uses to promote social justice all over the world such as raising charities to overcome the poverty. Conclusion: Nelson Mandela lived up to his quotation when he said: â€Å"it is better to lead from behind and to put others in front, especially when you celebrate victory when nice things occur. You take the front line when there is a danger. Then people will appreciate your leadership†. It’s clear that Mandela stood in favor of involving his followers in the decision making process. He was always endeavored to listen to what each person has to say before he gives his opinion, which is often a consensus of what he heard in the conversation. That’s how he led from behind. He took the front and put his life as well as the life of his family at risk to free the black South African from the oppression of a white minority regime. Because he understood that unless that risk is taken, the unfair treatment against the native South African will continue forever. Works Cited 5- Bill Clinton & Archbishop Desmond TuTu, 2006, Mandela: The authorized portrait, Andrews Mcmeel Publishing, Kansas City 1-Denenberg, Barry. Nelson Mandela: No easy walk to freedom. New York: Scholastic Inc, 2005. Print. 6- Denenberg, Barry. Nelson Mandela: No easy walk to freedom. New York: Scholastic Inc, 2005. Print 3-Johnson, D.W., & Johnson, F.P. (2006). Joining together group theory and group skills (9th Ed.). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. 8-le, thai. â€Å"leadership style: Nelson Mandela Vs. Adolf Hitler†. Articlecell. Articlecell,n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2013. 7-Mandela, N (1965) No Easy Walk to Freedom. Penguin Books Ltd, London, England. 2-â€Å"Nelson Mandela – Biography†. Nobelprize.org. 27 Mar 2013 http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html 4-Stengel, Richard. â€Å"Mandela: His 8 Lessons of leadership†.Time.com. â€Å"N.p.† 09 July.2008.Web. 25 Mar. 2013.

Visitor Management at the National Gallery †Trafalgar Square, London The WritePass Journal

Visitor Management at the National Gallery – Trafalgar Square, London Visitor Management at the National Gallery – Trafalgar Square, London ). 3. Standards of Customer Care An essential element of the visitor management strategy for any British organization is agreeing to undertake certain standards of customer care through the advent of the National Code of Practice for Visitor Attractions where managers of these facilities agree to undertake certain standards with regards to high standards of customer case, courtesy, appropriate maintenance to ensure visitor safety, adequate visitor facilities, prompt enquiry response time and access for disabled persons or those with special needs (such as the visually or hearing impaired). Not only does this include customer care at the facility itself, but also in being able to access the facility through the use of adequate signage, welcome and access facilities. Therefore customer care is both a logistical and judgmental concern (Shackley, 1999). In addition to standard customer care which include adequate gallery staff members, availability of information and courtesy, the National Gallery places this access as a foremost concern of a visitors experience in the gallery and undertakes these standards of customer care in a number of different ways. In terms of external logistics, there is adequate signage from all the surrounding transport facilities, as well as the nearby attractions leading to easy directions from those attractions to the National Gallery. Arguably however, this is less of a concern since the gallery is itself in Trafalgar Square. The gallery offers special facilities for blind and partially sighted visitors through providing Braille information, descriptive folders, events particularly for these visitors and in the exhibitions themselves. The gallery further makes provisions for assistance dogs. For visitors with mobility disabilities, there is adequate access through the entire gallery, as well as nearby o ff-street parking and seating available throughout the entire gallery. For deaf and hearing impaired visitors there are British Sign Language interpretive discussions on the paintings, audio guides and in the case of exhibition videos and films, subtitles on all materials (NG Website, 2012). In this way therefore, the National Gallery ensures that these levels of customer care are adhered to. 4. Ensuring Visitor Satisfaction Ensuring visitor satisfaction is obviously the primary goal of a visitor management strategy and ensuring this is based on a complex set of factors for consideration of the management. Value for money and customer experience is essential to this, therefore ensuring that visitors feel that they are getting the most from the cost of their experience is essential. The National Gallery does not ask a standard entrance fee from visitors, however does ask a nominal amount for a comprehensive floor plan of the gallery, as well as for the special exhibits. This ensures that general visitors to the gallery have access to a sufficient proportion of the gallery and are experiencing high levels of visitor satisfaction without being excluded from the main attractions in the gallery. There are optional visitor guides, audio guides and descriptive folders available for further information, however the base information provided free of charge is sufficient to ensure visitor satisfaction. Avoiding bottlenecks and queues in the National Gallery is a particular point of concern and to the extent that the gallery has been able to avoid these, it has taken certain measures such as positioning the popular exhibits in larger rooms where there is more space for visitors to access the paintings, as well as placement within the rooms themselves. The gallery has ensured that these paintings are placed in a certain way so as to ensure more people can access them. These paintings are also not placed close together, to avoid crowding around one particular piece. In conjunction with this, high volumes of people present a security concern for visitors which is an important aspect of visitor management (Shackler, 1999) and to this extent the gallery has a state of the art security system with video surveillance of the whole gallery, as well as adequate security staff throughout and a staff member in every room of the gallery (NG Website, 2012). References National Gallery Website (2012) [online] Available on: www.nationalgallery.org.uk [Accessed 28 November 2012] Schmenner, R. (1995) Service Operations Management. Prentice Hall: NJ Shackley, M. (1999) Visitor Management in Leask, A. Yeoman, I. (eds) ‘Heritage Visitor Attractions: An Operations Management Perspective’ London: Thomson Learning

Types and Examples of DNA Mutations

Types and Examples of DNA Mutations DNA mutations happen when there are changes in the nucleotide sequence that makes up the strand of DNA. This can be caused by random mistakes in DNA replication or even an environmental influence like UV rays or chemicals. The changes at the nucleotide level then influence the transcription and translation from gene to protein expression. Changing even just one nitrogen base in a sequence can change the amino acid that is expressed by that DNA codon which can lead to a completely different protein being expressed. These mutations range from being non-harmful all the way up to causing death. Point Mutations ALFRED PASIEKA/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/Getty Images A point mutation is usually the least harmful of the types of DNA mutations. It is the change of a single nitrogen base in a DNA sequence. Depending on the placement of that nitrogen base in the codon, it can cause no effect to the protein. Codons are a sequence of three nitrogen bases in a row that is read by messenger RNA during transcription and then that messenger RNA codon is translated into an amino acid that goes on to make a protein that will be expressed by the organism. Since there are only 20 amino acids and a total of 64 possible combinations of codons, some amino acids are coded for by more than one codon. Often, if the third nitrogen base in the codon is changed, it will not change the amino acid. This is called the wobble effect. If the point mutation occurs in the third nitrogen base in a codon, then it causes no effect on the amino acid or subsequent protein and the mutation does not change the organism. At most, a point mutation will cause a single amino acid in a protein to change. While this usually is not a deadly mutation, it can cause issues with that proteins folding pattern and the tertiary and quaternary structures of the protein. One example of a point mutation is sickle cell anemia. A point mutation caused a single nitrogen base in a codon for one amino acid in the protein called glutamic acid to instead code for the amino acid valine. This single small change causes a normally round red blood cell to instead be sickle-shaped. Frame Shift Mutations Frameshift mutations are much more serious and deadly than point mutations. Even though only one nitrogen base is affected just like in point mutations, this time the single base is either completely deleted or an extra one is inserted into the middle of a DNA sequence. This change in sequence causes the reading frame to shift, hence the name frameshift mutation. A reading frame shift changes the three letter long codon sequence for messenger RNA to transcribe and translate. Not only is that amino acid changed, all subsequent amino acids are changed. This significantly changes the protein and can cause severe problems and even possibly death. Insertions One type of frameshift mutation is called an insertion. Just as the name implies, an insertion occurs when a single nitrogen base is accidentally added in the middle of the sequence. This throws off the reading frame of the DNA and the wrong amino acid is translated. It also pushes the entire sequence down by one letter, changing all codons that come after the insertion and therefore completely altering the protein. Even though inserting a nitrogen base makes the overall sequence longer, that does not necessarily mean the amino acid chain length will increase. In fact, it could seriously shorten the amino acid chain. If the insertion causes a shift in the codons to create a stop signal, a protein may never be made. Otherwise, an incorrect protein will be made. If the protein that has been changed was essential for life, then most likely the organism will die. Deletions The other type of frameshift mutation is called a deletion. This happens when a nitrogen base is taken out of the sequence. Again, this causes the entire reading frame to change. It changes the codon and will also affect all amino acids that are coded for after the deletion. Nonsense and stop codons may also appear in the wrong places, much like an insertion. DNA Mutation Analogy Much like reading text, the DNA sequence is read by messenger RNA to produce a story or an amino acid chain that will be used to make a protein. Since each codon is 3 letters long, lets see what happens when a mutation occurs in a sentence that uses only three letter words. THE RED CAT ATE THE RAT. If there was a point mutation, the sentence would change to: THC RED CAT ATE THE RAT. The e in the word the mutated into the letter c. While the first word in the sentence is no longer the same, the rest of the words still make sense and are what they are supposed to be. If an insertion were to mutate the above sentence, then it might read: THE CRE DCA TAT ETH ERA T. The insertion of the letter c after the word the completely changes the rest of the sentence. Not only is the second word no longer readable, neither are any words after it. The entire sentence has changed into nonsense. A deletion would do something similar to the sentence: THE EDC ATA TET HER AT. In the example above, the r that should have come after the word the has been deleted. Again, it changes the entire sentence. Even though in this example, some of the subsequent words are readable, the meaning of the sentence has completely changed. This shows that even if codons are changed into something that isnt nonsense, it still completely changes the protein into something that is no longer functional.

How was picture production affected by the rise of the city of Edo Essay

How was picture production affected by the rise of the city of Edo - Essay Example Edo culture saw the living side by side of both the rich and poor in Japanese society. This gave rise to a different point view in interpreting nature which with the combination of the principles taught in Zen Buddhism gave rise to the aesthetic values which characterized Japanese art. These values of suggestion, irregularity, simplicity and perishability, as Donald Keene identified them. Suggestion or yugen is the characteristic wherein the artist suggests a hint of nature. There is no idealization of the subject but connotes a suggestion of what it is in relation to what it truly is. The artwork gives an indication of reality and does not capture the subject in its real form. Zen Buddhism influence is reflected in Japanese aesthetics through austerity and simplicity in presentation. Perishability captures the very essence of life and nature, showing the impermanence and sadness that pervades its reality. All these elements are brought to together to constitute the Japanese measure of aesthetics in all its art forms, from painting, literature, architecture, pottery, to wood block prints. Even the tea ceremony as a Buddhist ritual is influenced by the tenets of these aesthetic building blocks which form Japanese culture. Edo culture had a great influence in the development and adoption of these aesthetic cornerstones. A great fire suffered by the city brought about the popularity of wood print blocks or ukiyo-e. Ukiyo-e in general is the stylized school in Japanese painting especially prints using colored wood blocks. Ukiyo-e gained popularity as an affordable means of acquiring art, especially among the middle class population of Edo. The Ukiyo-e style was described as a â€Å"floating world† because it describes the instability of common people’s lives. It often portrayed ordinary people, actors, courtesans, vendors, and the like. A woodblock print by Kuryosai Isoda depict a â€Å"kamuro† or courtesan in the middle of two other

Environmental Values Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Environmental Values - Essay Example in 1974 drew inspiration from the feminist movements in which feminist activists rebelled against the traditional oppression of women by domineering men. In many countries, even developed countries, women are the weaker gender and without voice and are forced to accept the exploitation by men. Ecofeminism attempts to relate these events to the fact that nature and environment is exploited by men in the same way and nature attempts to meekly accept this racism, species segregation and exploitation. To a certain extent the main complaints and philosophy of the movement is indeed true and the arguments put forth by the movement is relevant. Man is the traditional defiler of all things and it is true that the major corporate positions in the world and in trade and industrial bodies are filled with men. Therefore, it would be men who constantly attempt to find new ways to exploit powerless nature, which cannot speak aloud. Later arguments of the Ecofeminism are at fault and their views on technology are not acceptable to me. It must be noted that when man does exploit forests and pollutes the waters, the beneficiaries are also women who make up the wives, daughters, sisters, mothers and other relatives of men. By tacitly accepting the cutting down of forests and gathering wood for firewood, women are also equally responsible for this defilement. Ecofeminism concepts also want to do away with technology and move towards primitivism where small communities would grow food in the natural way. This is not possible in the modern age as we need technology to produce food for the billions of people and both men and women have to find jobs and earn a living. So this philosophy is not acceptable. Schlosberg (1999) argues Pluralism or more specifically environmental pluralism places the right to exist for all things in nature, man, animals, plants and other inanimate entities such as water, air and earth that makes the environment. Then comes the concept of cost benefit

Motivation Concepts in Criminl Justice Communities Research Paper

Motivation Concepts in Criminl Justice Communities - Research Paper Example As a result, managers should be aware that one of their main functions at the workplace is to motivate workers for them to be able to increase their efficiency and efforts towards the accomplishment of organizational goals. Despite the benefits of motivation in the workplace, motivating workers have never been easy to some organizations. This is attributed to the fact that not all employees are motivated by the same factors. For instance, one employee can be motivated by simply increasing the benefits to workers while others will require more things to be done such as offering job securities. Therefore, managers should understand well what motivates his or her workers and employ the right tools for the success of an organization. Significance of motivation at workplace Motivation plays a big role at the workplace. Gail (2010) notes that for an organization to accomplish its objectives and meet its short and long-term objectives, then workers must be motivated. This is because a motiv ated employee works hard towards the attainment of the organization’s objective, which is very important. In addition, motivation increases an employee’s efficiency and productivity, which is important for an organization’s overall performance (Gail, 2010). ... A happy employee will certainly work hard thereby ensuring organizational goals are achieved. It also reduces instances of absenteeism at the workplace that may affect the company. Research indicates that most companies that perform well have high levels of motivations their workers. In addition, motivation reduces labor turnover within an organization because it makes employees feel comfortable working for the organization. This is because motivation makes employees feel attached to the organization they work for (Mork, 2010). Further, motivation reduces incidences of labor unrest among employees. Research has established that organizations, which motivate their workers, do not experience labor unrest among its employees, which is certainly very important since this help build the reputation of an organization. Motivation is also important because it defines whether an organization will be successful or fail. This is because a demoralized employee may not see the need to working tow ards achievement of organizational goals, which will certainly result in low productivity or labor unrest. Therefore, managers should strive to ensure that workers are motivated all the time for greater productivity and success (Mork, 2010). Workplace motivation techniques Managers can use a variety of techniques to motivate their workers. Recognition is one of the tolls that can be used by managers to motivate workers (Ray, 2010). Recognition here refers to acknowledging a job well done by an employee. In fact, it cost absolutely nothing to recognize an employee. However, an employee who feels appreciated will be motivated to work extra hard towards achievement of organizational objectives. Secondly, employees can also be motivated by offering promotion and leadership opportunities.

Discrimination Against Obese People Health And Social Care Essay

Discrimination Against Obese People Health And Social Care Essay Obesity discrimination has a great impact on health care. The healthcare may be more critical of obese individuals. Some primary care physicians may be less attentive to treating obesity than other ailments as well. Overweight individuals seem to pick up on the negative feelings: studies show obese individuals tend to delay going to the doctor even for routine visits. There is no exception for radiographer the impact of obesity. To improve the image quality a certain amount of radiation is needed to go through the body in obese patient. And that is higher than normal doses of radiation in order to obtain X-ray images. Also obesity has impact on the surgical options for obese patients, the anatomy and imaging of gastric bypass surgery, and how to recognize and treat surgical complications of bariatric surgery. Obese patients need to purchase larger wheelchairs, larger beds and even larger diagnostic imaging machines. 1b.Reading the background of Obesity, and how people are becoming Obese, will help me to gain a close understand of how obese people feeling about themselves and how discrimination effects obese people. It will help me to see the obese people as an illness not blame them because of their weight. As a Radiography student I should deal with all patients equally. If those issues above has impact on health care provider, it is also has psychological impact on obese patient. 2a. In this annotated bibliography I would like to convey to the reader, that obesity always is not individual fault, there may be other factor such as medical condition and disease which make people obese. By discrimination obese people we may put their self-esteem and social interaction down. I would also like to convey to the reader how I have researched my chosen topic, how I changed my search each time to get the appropriate articles required. 2b.The title for my Annotated Bibliography would be `Stigma and discrimination against obese people`. 3a. The first search I carried out was a Google search. I carried out a different search using Google Scholar online to find journal articles for critiquing. I used Birmingham City University web site. From the main library website, I clicked on electronic resources A to Z. CINAHL plus with Full Text and MEDLINE was my databases to find a peer reviewed articles. 3b. First I was looking to a Google search to have a background reading of my topic. So I put obesity in search box and I had About 39,500,000 results. Then I modified my search by adding obesity and discrimination, I got about 4,570,000 results and from there I had my relevant titles. Again I modified my search again by entering additional search terms `in Radiology`, which I got About 1,650,000 results and I had two of my supporting sources from there. Then I searched in Google Scholar I Put obesity and Discrimination from 2000 to 2011and from there I find two articles of my key sources. I carried out a different search using Google Scholar online to find journal articles for critiquing. Then I went to Birmingham city university website and I clicked on electronic resources A to Z.I start with Cinhal plus with full text. I logged in and in search box put obesity as a key word, then I ticked the full text and peer review to find my articles. These are good sources because they are peer reviewed articles. Then I clicked search, I had 4515 results. In first result I found one of my supporting sources. Again I modified my search by adding discrimination on search box. And I got 2483 results. I linked them with and, so I got 38 results. From there I got three key sources which I will critique them and it is relevant to my topic. To find more articles I changed my databases to Medline and I did same steps for my articles. When I liked ob esity and discrimination with and, I had 279 results. Again I had two key sources and one supporting sources for my assignment. I chose which articles were most useful by looking at the date they were published and whether the information contained is still relevant to todays situation. I also tried to find sources from a variety of locations but found some unhelpful. And I ended my search. 4a. Two articles critiquing: Development and Psychometric Testing of the Nurses Attitudes Towards Obesity and Obese Patients (NATOOPS) Scale Lorraine Watson, Kathleen Oberle, Danielle Deutscher Research in Nursing and Health, 2008, 31, 586 593 Being fat in todays world: a qualitative study of the lived experiences of people with obesity in Australia. Samantha L. Thomas PhD, Jim Hyde PhD, Asuntha Karunaratne BMedSci (Hons), Dilinie Herbert MBioMedSci (Part 1) and Paul A. Komesaroff MB BS FRACP PhD 2008 The Authors, Journal Compilation, 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Health Expectations, 11, pp. 321 330 Introduction The above two articles are of two studies to look into the obesity stigmatisation in two different aspects. In the first article, the attitudes of the health care professionals, and on this occasion nurses, towards obese individuals have been studied using psychometric analysis. The second article is about a study designed to look into how obese individuals feel in themselves about public perception and discrimination based upon their body weight, which is more like looking into the original side of the argument and that is to find out when, how and why such stigmatisation has developed. Critique There is no doubt that obesity stigma does exist just like other forms of discrimination in the society based upon race, ethnic origin and having an underlying illness such as HIV. The authors of the first article have started well by talking about the basic principles and reviewing a lot of literatures about similar previous studies with regards to health care professionals attitudes towards their obese patients. The method was good with a considerable number of professional nurses participated in it and, in my opinion, the NATOOPS did cover the psychological aspects of nurse-patient relationship. The results were identical to most of the previous studies and the study simply confirmed the previous ideology that negative attitudes towards obese individuals even among health care professionals do exist. However, when there is a problem there must be a solution, and whilst the authors have nicely highlighted and confirmed this problem amongst nurses, they have failed to provide answers and means to change such attitudes. They have given a lot of details in identifying the problem, but have only briefly towards the end suggested how to tackle the issue and how to educate our nurses not to stigmatise based upon body weight. In my opinion, they should have made more suggestions to rectify problematic attitudes and behaviours. The second article is covering the other side of the argument; in other words, peoples real life experience to make a case that obesity stigmatisation does exist. It is a good qualitative study with a clever way to attract random obese individuals to participate through newspaper advertisement. The method, data collection and the data analysis was pretty good. The number of participants was satisfactory, though could have been higher. The quotes from the individuals were prime examples of how this section of society is victimised in different aspects of life including employment, education, health care and general public services such as transport. They describe a clear blame culture by professionals, policy makers and media. It is worth mentioning the fact that the opt-in nature of this study makes it biased towards the participants. Those chose to take part and to be interviewed for the study were generally the ones with bad experience. Personally, I feel that random selection would have been much better to reflect the true nature of how obese people in the community feel about themselves and how society treats them. Conclusion To sum it up, there is no question that society treats obese individuals unfairly and there are quite a few studies to confirm this fact. Health care professionals such as nurses are no exception, but we need to find ways to educate them and to change this mentality in order to improve the quality of health care given to everyone without discrimination. The qualitative study of the obese peoples real life experience is a good one but there is a self-selection bias within the sample as admitted by the authors themselves. More random and bigger studies are needed in this field I believe. 5a.and 5b Key Sources: Brownell, K. D .and, Puhl,R.(2003), Stigma and Discrimination in Weight Management and Obesity, The Permanente Journal, Vol 7, No. 3, online Available from: http://xnet.kp.org/permanentejournal/sum03/stigma.pdf,[Accessed 17/03/2011] It covers the three common areas of weight-based discrimination which are education, health care and employment. Puhl, R. and Brownell, K. D. (2001), Bias, Discrimination and Obesity, Obesity Research, Vol 9, No. 12, online Available from: http://www.nature.com/oby/journal/v9/n12/full/oby2001108a.html?referer=www.clickfind.com.au,[Accessed 26/02/2011] Puhl, R. M and Chelsea Heuer, A. (2010), Obesity Stigma: Important considerations for public health, American Journal of Public Health, Vol 100, No. 6, June 2010 online Available from:http://www.yaleruddcenter.org/resources/upload/docs/what/bias/ObesityStigmaPublicHealth_AJPH_6.10.pdf, [Accessed 16/02/2011] This article gives particular attention to the health issues surrounding obese individuals and they compared their public discrimination to similar socially disregarded group such as HIV patients as in this article. Thomas, S. L. Hyde, J. Karunaratne, A. Herbert, D. and Komesaroff, P. A. (2008), Being fat in todays world: a qualitative study of the lived experiences of people with obesity in Australia, Journal Compilation, 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Health Expectations, 11, pp. 321 330 online available from:http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=11hid=105sid=da2c22ec-6030-42bb-b61d-59f07cc7ed8d%40sessionmgr114,[Accessed 22/03/2011] Watson, L. Oberle, K. and Deutscher, D.(2008), Development and Psychometric Testing of the Nurses Attitudes Towards Obesity and Obese Patients (NATOOPS) Scale, Research in Nursing and Health, 2008, 31, 586 593 ,online Available from:http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=11hid=105sid=da2c22ec-6030-42bb-b61d-59f07cc7ed8d%40sessionmgr114[Accessed 25/03/2011] Supporting Sources: Hunte, H.E, and Williams, D.R.(2009),American Journal of Public Health, The Association Between Perceived Discrimination and Obesity in a Population-Based Multiracial and Multiethnic Adult Sample, Vol 99, No. 7,online Available from: http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=11hid=105sid=da2c22ec-6030-42bb-b61d-59f07cc7ed8d%40sessionmgr114, [Accessed 26/03/2011] This is more like a research study, and it mainly focuses on the psychological stress caused by discrimination based upon race, ethnic origin and other factors leading to obesity, rather than the other way round. Reynolds A, (2011), Obesity and Medical Imaging Challenges, Radiologic Technology, Vol.82 (3): 219-42, online Available at http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=10hid=105sid=da2c22ec-6030-42bb-b61d-59f07cc7ed8d%40sessionmgr114,[accessed 30/03/2011] Yanch, J. C. , Behrman, R.H. , Hendricks, M.J. , McCall J. H. ,(2009), Increased Radiation Dose to Overweight and Obese Patients from Radiographic Examinations, online Available from: http://radiology.rsna.org/content/252/1/128.full,[Accessed 24/02/2011] This article explains and compares radiation dose to obese patient in compare with normal patient.